Mr. Emmett F. Fields alleges that the Christian concept of God evolved
over centuries. He states,
In the New Testament we find a God that evolved during the first few
hundred years of the Christian era. Christianity developed through
religious hate. The weak were called heretics and their teachings were
brutally suppressed, and so the Christianity that survived is the
orthodoxy of the strong and the ruthless. Orthodoxy destroyed the meek
and filled Christianity with hate, fire and fury.1
Inherent within his assumption that the Christian concept of God as
found in the New Testament evolved over centuries is the presumption
that the Gospels and the Epistles were not written by the apostles and
prophets of Christ in the first century, but much later by people who
composed according to their own will, and without any real knowledge of
what happened. Even worse than this, Fields believes that Jesus
never lived and assumes that the New Testament is nothing more that a
fictitious account that has been foisted on mankind as truth.
Now concerning the allegation that Jesus is a myth, this will be covered
on the page entitled
Jesus is a Myth. On this page we will examine
how the New Testament was formed, for if historical evidence shows that
the New Testament was substantially completed by the end of the first
century AD, then Fields' allegation that God evolved over centuries will
be shown to be without historical confirmation.
F. F. Bruce (1910-1990), a renowned Greek scholar, was Rylands
Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis at the University of
Manchester, England. During his life he wrote more that 40 books.
However, his book entitled
The New Testament Documents, Are they
Reliable? is undoubtedly his most read book, and it is still being
printed to this day and can readily be found through such sellers as
www.amazon.com. Bruce states
with confidence,
The New Testament was complete, or substantially complete, about AD 100,
the majority of the writings being in existence twenty to forty years
before this.2
He specifically states this regarding the gospels:
...for the first three Gospels were written at a time when many
were alive who could remember the things that Jesus had said or
did, and some at least would still be alive when the fourth
Gospel was written.3
Bruce recognized the objections of certain scholars to the early dates
of the New Testament documents, but says that with the large amount of
evidence now available, "...a first-century date of most of the New
Testament writings cannot reasonably be denied...."
4
Thus the evidence base that Bruce, as a expert in Greek, was working
from was substantially different than Fields' sources, whatever those
sources may have been, since Fields chose not to provide any specific
references for his position that God evolved over the first few
centuries AD.
Bruce gives an overview of the Greek manuscripts of the New Testament,
which now number in excess of 5000. He points out that the best
preserved and most important of these documents date to about 350 AD,
and identifies these as the Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus.
Also of great importance is the Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Bazae,
which date back to the fifth and sixth centuries AD. However, more
recent discoveries of fragments of papyrus copies of the New Testament
push the authenticity of the New Testament to as early as 130-200 AD.
He specifically says this about the papyrus evidence:
In addition to the two excellent mss of the
fourth century mentioned above, which are the earliest of some thousands
known to us, considerable fragments remain of papyrus copies of books of
the New Testament dated from 100-200 years earlier still. The
Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, the existence of which was made public
in 1931, consist of portions of eleven papyrus codices, three of which
contained most of the New Testament writings. One of these,
containing the four Gospels with Acts, belongs to the first half of the
third century; another, containing Paul's letters to churches and the
Epistle to the Hebrews, was copied at the beginning of the third
century; the third, containing Revelation, belongs to the second half of
the same century.4
Bruce cites even older papyrus evidence, as follows
Earlier still is a fragment of a papyrus codex containing John
18:31-333, 37-38, now in John Rylands Library, Manchester, dated
on palaeographical grounds around AD 130, showing that the
latest of the four Gospels, which was written, according to
tradition, at Ephesus between AD 90 and 100, was circulating in
Egypt within about forty years of its composition (if, as is
most likely, this papyrus originated in Egypt, where it was
acquired in 1917). It must be regarded as being, by a half
a century, the earliest extant fragment of the New Testament.5
Bruce points out that the evidence for the New Testament writings is
substantially greater than that afforded to many writings of the
classical authors. These writings of the classical Greek authors are
without question in terms of their authenticity in spite of the fact
that the existing manuscripts are as much as 1300 years later than the
originals, and the number of available manuscripts are comparatively
tiny compared to that of the Greek New Testament documents. Thus, since
the classical Greek manuscripts have far less evidence for authenticity
than the Greek New Testament documents, the same courtesy should be
afforded to the New Testament documents
as is given to the classical authors regarding authenticity.
6
However, there is still more evidence that this. The New Testament
was alluded to and quoted from by other early writers known as the "Apostolic Fathers." These men wrote from 90 to
160 AD, and they clearly quoted from the most of the books in the
New Testament.
7 Please see Bruce for a detailed
account of these.
Bruce ends his chapter having established historically the undeniable
authenticity of the New Testament by quoting from Sir Frederic
Kenyon:
The interval then between the dates of original composition and the
earliest extant evidence becomes so small as to be in fact
negligible, and the last foundation for any doubt that the
Scriptures have come down to us substantially as they were written
has now been removed. Both the authenticity and the
general
integrity of the books of the New Testament may be regarded as
finally established.8
The point could not be clearer: There are no "centuries of
time" for the Christian concept of God to "evolve." The
evidence for the
authenticity and the
general integrity of the New Testament documents is
undeniable, and this disproves one of the major presumptions that
Fields has regarding the New Testament. The New Testament
documents were composed by the apostles and prophets of the Lord Jesus
Christ in the first century AD, and not by anonymous writers centuries
later pretending to be the Lord's apostles and prophets.